

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_navigation
That should answer all your navigation questions.
Regarding crew morale, I haven’t studied Columbus since maybe HS, but I do recall the voyage was a fairly close thing. His calculations severely underestimated the size of the Earth, so he was sailing for much longer than he expected to be. I’m not sure if he had to put down any attempted mutinies, but it wouldn’t surprise me.




This Stepan Banderas stuff gets so tiresome.
Your country doesn’t have any historical figures it honors for certain things despite an ugly background? Mine has plenty, just because history itself is pretty ugly and extremely messy.